a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. 35. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. a. catharsis. They are tied to experiences early in life. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. c. emphasize health. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. Chapter Recap. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. b. superego. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. d. frustrating the client. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. 113. 2.2.1.6. 111. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. 37. 33. 163. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. But before these diagnostic categories b. existential Evaluating the behavioral model. b. ego. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? b. anal stage. d. cognitive. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. That is the idea, at least. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? b. genetic mutations. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. 138. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. c. psychodynamic. 34. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. 85. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. b. ego. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. d. cognition-focused. d. psychoanalytic therapy. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. b. b. laissez-faire parenting style. See Figure 2.4 below. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. 55. d. humanistic. d. conditions of worth. d. projection. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. c. psychodynamic. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. b. existential c. unconditional positive regard. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. 81. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? b. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. c. ineffective treatment options. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. c. the conscious mind. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. b. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. c. client-centered This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. d. psychophysical. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. Which is an example of latent content? 46. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Consider where students sit in a class. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. d. existential. 114. c. unconditional positive regard. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. I know my grandmother used to. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Thats all right. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. b. existential. 122. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? d. lend itself easily to research. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. 23. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. b. sociocultural 12. c. people are driven to self-actualize. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. c. operant conditioning. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Behaviorally test your thought. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. d. quaternary prevention. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. d. object relations. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. 65. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. 2.2.3.1. Which would be a part of your paradigm? d. sociocultural. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. 148. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. b. denial. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. a. d. known risk and protective factors. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. 2.3.1.2. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. 57. c. psychosurgery. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. d. classical conditioning. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. 158. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. b. secondary prevention. a. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. What is it? Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" 66. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. 110. b. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Hmm. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act.

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