3 mins. It often has claims that its Greek population rivals cities in Greece. Copyright 2023 CUBIC Magazine. After the Greek Civil War, many communist Greeks and their families fled to neighboring Yugoslavia, the USSR and the Soviet-dominated states of Eastern Europe (especially Czechoslovakia). [5] Tarpon Springs has the highest percentage of Greek Americans of any city in the US. Although many immigrants later returned to Greece, these countries still have a number of first- and second-generation Greeks who maintain their traditions. Why do people say that forever is not altogether real in love and relationship. In the end, however, Demotic Greek won out. Those who settled in Ukraine and southern Russia became a sizable proportion of cities such as Mariupol, but generally assimilated with Christian Orthodox Russians and continued to serve in the Tsarist army. According to the latest US census, more than 180,000 Greeks live in New York City today, and their lives, culture and tradition have become the subject of numerous successful Hollywood movies. [14], Melbourne began hosting the Greek Film Festival in 1993 which has continued every year since. During World War II and the Greek Civil War, hundreds of thousands of Greeks moved to the United States. [17], Many singers from Greece and Cyprus travel to Melbourne to perform their own music concerts. [10], Preservation of Greek culture and community is extremely important to the Greeks. What is fact however, is that the Greek community of Melbourne is the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Greece and Cyprus. Who wrote "The Apology of Socrates"? In 2020, the Antipodes Festival attracted more than 100,000 visitors. It is not a mistake, but a crime. More specifically, Oakleigh in Melbourne, has been named the Greek-est place outside of Greece, and the presence of the Greek temperament in the city is more alive than everywhere else. The flow of people to and from Greece and its Mediterranean neighbors, especially in the Middle East and North Africa, has been widespread since antiquity. [2], As a result of the extensive historical and cultural ties between the Greek community of Melbourne and their Greek homeland, Melbourne is a sister city to Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city and one of Europe's most important cultural centres. Because Greece is part of the European Union, Greek is one of the 24 official languages of the organization. Today there are tens of thousands of Greek-Mexicans living primarily in Culiacn, Veracruz, and Mexico City as well as surrounding areas and other cities. Oakleigh is a hub for the Greek community of Melbourne with a plethora of Greek cafs, gyros food outlets, Greek delis, and other cultural shops. [3], In Archaic Greece, the trading and colonizing activities of Greeks from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. [24] There are many more Australian-born Greek Cypriots. Nick Nicholas Lives in Australia, sometimes even acts like it Author has 4.9K answers and 15.7M answer views Updated 3 y Related Why do so many Greeks immigrate to Australia? A stroll through Oakleighs Eaton Mall, affectionately referred to as Little Athens or Omonia Square, and you will think you are in Greece. Australia has 252,000 Greek speakers, which is the largest population outside of Europe. Kontakt os, hvis du er interesseret i at overstte dette magasin til dansk. The largest waves of Cypriots to Melbourne came as a result of the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, however Cypriots have been emigrating to Victoria since the Gold Rush. The Greek community of Melbourne has supported the newly arrived Greeks, with well-established support services and networks. According to the Catholic Church,[28] the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraso em So Paulo (Melkite Greek), the Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisis S. Pauli Graecorum Melkitarum had a 2016 membership of 46,600. Learn about the history of the Greek language, as well as how many people speak Greek today (and the fight over Greeces official language). My thanks to Miguel Paraz for his A2A. ", https://origins.museumsvictoria.com.au/countries/cyprus/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_community_of_Melbourne&oldid=1141334002, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 14:56. According to the latest estimates of the General Secretariat of Hellenes Abroad, today there more than 5,000,000 people of Greek origin that live outside of the Greek borders, scattered in 140 countries across the globe. There are minorities of Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses and Pentecostals. Greek citizenship is acquired by birth by all persons born in Greece and all persons born to at least one parent who is a registered Greek citizen. Better to put cash into a Bank or a Piggy Bank? In the 1920s, there were flows of Greek immigrants trying to find a better life for . In roughly the 4th century BCE, one form of Greek became popular enough to become the lingua franca of the region: Koine Greek. cities in Greece (it was on the news the other day). Plato. Copyright Greek city times 2023 All Rights Reserved. Here are the top 10 Facts about the Greek community of Melbourne: Ok, so number 1 might not actually be fact. Rhodes - 115,490 population - 541 square miles. How many keys are there on a piano keyboard? So bear with us. The Greek Precinct is located on Lonsdale Street in Melbournes Central Business District (CBD). How would you dry a cherry tree after the rain? Most of these Greeks settled in Venice, Florence, and Rome. How is composing on a laptop different to using a piano or other instrument? Melbourne is proudly home to the world's largest Greek population outside Greece itself, and almost 200,000 individuals of Greek ancestry call Victoria home. Do you have a connection to Greek Diaspora in Australia? [29], About 250 Non-Jewish Greeks immigrated to Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine for the service of the Greek-Orthodox church in the country between 1850 and 1920, mostly residing in Jerusalem and Nazareth City. After Athens, Melbourne has the worlds largest Greek population. Businesses frequently included the extended family, and they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church. While Greek speakers are highly concentrated in one region of the world, the languages historic role and vibrant modern culture makes it a useful language to learn. [18][19], Centers of the Greek diaspora are New York City,[20] Boston,[21] Chicago,[22] Los Angeles, London, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, Culiacn Rosales, Mexico City, and Buenos Aires. Marrickville (NSW) 1,849 6. The General Secretariat of Hellenes Abroad reports that the highest concentration of Greek people outside of Greece is observed in the USA, with about 3,000,000 Greeks, followed by Cyprus with 720,000 Greek Cypriots, other European countries with over 1,000,000 Greek people, Australia with 700,000, and Canada with about 300,000 Greeks, while more than 150,000 Greek descendants can be found around the countries of Central and South America, and 100,000 in Asia and Africa. Cities with the Highest Percentage of Greeks in the United States: United States Report: Percentage of Greeks It would take HOW LONG to fill an Olympic pool from a regular tap?! . The Bentleigh Greens Soccer Club (based in Cheltenham, in Melbourne's southeast) was formed in 1986 by the local Greek Cypriot community. Learning to play an instrument is a kind of meditation and can last for the rest of your life, Miles Davis is one of the most famous trumpet players who ever lived, Learning to play an instrument isnt just for Christmas. Ancestry by Country of Birth of Parents", https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/greece/greece-country-brief, "Neos Kosmos - Greek New, Culture, Entertainment, Lifestyle and Sport", AHEPA Australasian Hellenic Educational Progressive Association, "Australasian Hellenic Educational Progressive Association", "Finding the Hidden Hellenism in Melbourne", "NGV CONTEMPORARY: AUSTRALIA'S NEW HOME FOR CONTEMPORARY ART AND DESIGN", "Celebrating 200 Years Of Greek Independence tate-", Siew-Ean Khoo, Bob Birrell, Genevieve Heard, "INTERMARRIAGE BY BIRTHPLACE AND ANCESTRY IN AUSTRALIA", "Report: Greek-Australian Short Film Festival seeks new submissions", "A Celebration of Fresh Vision at Greek-Australian Short Film Festival | Greek Reporter Australia", "Michalis Hatzigiannis Thrills Melbourne", "Nick Kyrgios and Stefanos Tsitsipas storm into Round 2 of the Australian Open", "Melbourne's Greek community laments World Cup loss to Costa Rica", "Calling all Greek football clubs: Hellenic Cup Tournament set to return after hiatus", "The Hellenic Initiative's Virtual Gala Raises $1.6 Million for Greek Causes", "The Hellenic Initiative. . According to official data, Melbourne is the seventh largest Greek city (in terms of Greek speaking population) in the world, behind Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras, Nicosia, and Limassol. The majority of them are located in Munich (around 30,000), and most are working in the automotive and healthcare industries. Where would you go if time travel were possible? The Neos Kosmos newspaper serves the community. According to a research from the Greek Community of Melbourne, the first Greeks arrived in Australia in the early 1800s, and the majority of them settled in Victoria and in South New Wales specifically in Sydney. Whats the difference between a mushroom and a toadstool? What are the answers to studies weekly week 26 social studies? In response to the Greek government-debt crisis which officially ended in 2018, The Hellenic Initiative (https://www.thehellenicinitiative.org/) was established in 2012 by the Greek diaspora in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. As observed among other ethnic groups, children born to mixed marriages are much less likely to marry someone of a similar background and the original culture is completely lost within just two generations. ". Which city has the highest greek population outside of Greece? [6] Downtown Tarpon Springs has long been a focal point and is undergoing beautification. For example: EMelbourne. After the ByzantineOttoman Wars, which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople (now Istanbul) and found refuge in Italy. By 2004 Melbourne's Greek community was considered the largest outside Greece, and third only to Athens and Thessaloniki, with estimates numbering the first, second and third . Why is Jupiters moon Europa so interesting? Greek words still play a major role in science, math, literature and. CUBiC Magazine Issue 8 Fruit & Veg OUT NOW! During World War II and the Greek Civil War, hundreds of thousands of Greeks moved to the United States. It is heavily concentrated in the city of Melbourne, which boasts the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Athens. Learn to play an instrument and boost your brain power! Today, there are many Greek schools all around England, and large Greek communities, who try to maintain the culture, customs, traditions and the way of life they transferred from their homeland. Click here to subscribe to CUBiC Magazine. Between 200,000 to 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania. The state of New York has the largest Greek population in America (around 300,000 Greeks), the majority of which is located in the New York Metropolitan Area and specifically the town of Astoria. The first written evidence of Greek comes from the 15th century BCE in the form of Linear B, a writing system that the Mycenaean Greeks adapted from the neighboring. [citation needed]. It is also the flattest, the lowest and the driest. average). [citation needed], Most Greek Canadians live in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. What is the Greek population in Melbourne? The food was great, the people were pretty friendly, and the area was well kept, clean and safe. Today, there are numerous Greek restaurants and shops in Chicago, as well as the National Hellenic Museum. Going back to the earliest Greek writings, there are over 3,400 years of documentable history contained within. has around 365,000 Greek speakers, reflecting waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries. Sweden also admitted large numbers of Greeks, and over 17,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live in the country. Greektown used to be thriving with nightlife, bars and restaurants in the 1980s and 1990s, with hundreds of young people waiting in long lines to get into clubs and bouzoukia every night. A larger-scale movement of Greek-speaking peoples in the Ottoman period was Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia to Georgia and parts of southern Russia, particularly the province of Kars Oblast in the southern Caucasus after the short-lived Russian occupation of Erzerum and the surrounding region during the 1828-29 Russo-Turkish War. What is fact however, is that the Greek community of Melbourne is the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Greece and Cyprus. And there was another large migration in the decades following World War II as well. A trumpet only has three valves to press, so why is it difficult to learn? Reservoir (VIC) 2,614 3. Hungary founded a village (Beloiannisz) for Greek refugees, and many Greeks were resettled in the former Sudeten German region of northern Czechoslovakia around Krnov (Jgerndorf). The unique Epiphany celebration held each January 6 attracts people from around . the. It's a nice, not too time consuming boardwalk type area to check out the giant sponge diving boats, learn about the history and preservation of the sponges, view wildlife, and experience the largest Greek population outside of Greece in the world! The suburbs, within these regions, with the most Greek Australians include Oakleigh, Clayton, Doncaster, Templestowe, Northcote, Coburg, Preston, Brunswick, and Thomastown. Click here to subscribe to CUBiC Magazine Facebook Twitter Pinterest WhatsApp Email Share Archived: Uncategorized Previous Post The Country with TEN THOUSAND Beaches Next Post How much is that dingo in the window? The Australian Census in 2016 found that 162,103 people from the Greater Melbourne Area claim Greek ancestry. [citation needed], Year round, there are many cultural, arts and sporting events run by and catering to the Greek Australians in Melbourne. The prominent Greek community of Melbourne, Australia; encapsulates the essence of the Greek diaspora. Sample page from the upcoming second issue, The first print run for CUBiC Magazine is here, Sample spread from Issue #1 of CUBiC Magazine, CUBiC Magazine is printed on 100% FSC Certified paper. Australia is proud to be home to the world's second largest Greek diaspora in the world, after the US, and to the "capital city" of the Greek diaspora - Melbourne is the city with the. Koine Greek went on to evolve into Medieval/Byzantine Greek which lasted from roughly the 6th to the 15th centuries CE, when the Byzantine Empire fell which then became Modern Greek. Is Latin a dead language? Greek words still play a major role in science, math, literature and etymology because of its millennia-long legacy. Films are judged by a panel of prominent Greek figures in entertainment. [11] Generally, intermarriage results in a loss of culture in the subsequent generation unless engagement with Greek language and education is introduced early and maintained throughout childhood. The Greek diaspora defends Greek interests, particularly in the US. If a Cranberry Bounces, is that Good or Bad? Japan External Trade Organization: Institute of Developing Economies: Filia Association of Greek communities celebrates 25 years. According to a City of London Corporation sponsored report, there are more than 280,000 Greek citizens that live in the Greater London area, the majority of which moved there for work opportunities or academic studies. The People of Greece Need Your Support! 1 March 2023. Teach a child to save money and help them grow wealthy & wise (and hopefully healthy along the way), Invest in your childs curiosity for only 14p a day, , Kontaktieren Sie uns, wenn Sie daran interessiert sind, dieses Magazin ins Deutsche zu bersetzen, Contactez-nous si vous souhaitez traduire ce magazine en franais. The western city of Patras is Greece's third-largest city, with a population of 213,984. When did luminous yellow balls first appear in tennis? Among those who have performed in Melbourne are Michalis Hatzigiannis, Elena Tsagrinou, Eleni Foureira, Greek American Kalomira and Greek British George Michael. In particular, Torontos Danforth Avenue has been named by locals as the largest Greek neighbourhood in North America, where all things Greek can be found, such as restaurants, shops and Greek street festivals. Republic of Bulgaria: National Statistical Institute: According to the Association of Greek Communities in the Czech Republic quoted by the Office of the Czech Republic Government: State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraso em So Paulo, Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, "Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millennium BC (application/pdf Object)", "The Aromanian-Romanian national movement (1859-1905): an analytical model", "The "old" diaspora, the "new" diaspora, and the Greek diaspora in 18th-19th century Vienna", Three Centuries of Hellenic Presence in Bengal,", "The Genocide of Ottoman Greeks, 19141923", "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 20102012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates", "Ecumenical Patriarchate World Council of Churches", "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census 25% Sample Data", "Nossa Senhora do Paraso em So Paulo (Melkite Greek)", "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East World Council of Churches", "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates", "Statistical Service Population and Social Conditions Population Census Announcements Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011", "Ya Grubu, Milliyet ve Cinsiyete Gre Srekli kamet Eden(De-jure) KKTC Vatanda Nfus", "Population in private households 2021 by migration background", "Foreign Population by age group and selected citizenships on 31 December 2021", "Foreign population by place of birth and selected citizenships on 31 December 2021", "Auswrtiges Amt Griechenland: Beziehungen zwischen Griechenland und Deutschland", "Population by sex, age group and citizenship", "Data table for Cultural diversity summary", "2011 Census: QS211EW Ethnic group (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 2009Kb)", "Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality", "OMONIA's Census: Greek minority constitutes 10% of population in Albania", "Albania Announces Greek Population Census", "UN Data Foreign-born population by country/area of birth, age and sex", "Bilateral Relations Between Greece And South Africa", "Population by country of birth and country of Origin, 31 December 2021, total", "Foreign citizens by year and country of citizenship", "Population by year and country of birth", "Number of Greek citizens in European Union", "Population; sex, age, generation and migration background, 1 January", "Population; sex, age and nationality, 1 January", "Chapitre 2 - Migrations en Belgique: donnes statistiques", "Population rsidante permanente trangre selon la nationalit, de 1980 2021", "Population rsidante permanente et non permanente selon le canton, la nationalit, le pays de naissance et le sexe", "Immigrs par pays de naissance dtaill", "Italy, regions, provinces - Country of citizenship", "Bevlkerung nach Staatsangehrigkeit und Geburtsland", "Foreign population by country of nationality, age (five-years groups) and sex", "Foreign population by country of birth, age (five-years groups) and sex", "Population by nationality, communities, sex and year", "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2020", "05183: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country background, year and contents", "Population par nationalits dtailles au 1er janvier", [https://web.archive.org/web/20221022043126/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11942/VE Archived, "As Greek community in Romania grows, education becomes a concern", ": "" ", "A MAGYARORSZGI GRGK MLTJRL S JELENRL", Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001, "From Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity series of Human Rights Watch", "2013 Census totals by topic Statistics New Zealand", http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_029.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4, " , 2011. ", Total population, households and dwellings according to the territorial organization of the Republic of North Macedonia, 2004, Census of population, households and housing 2002, Democratic Republic of Congo: The Greek Community, "Bilateral Relations Between Greece And Ireland", "Cultural Relations and Greek Community - UGANDA", Greece and the International Monetary Fund, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_diaspora&oldid=1142448767, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with dead external links from September 2022, Articles with dead external links from September 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 40,000 Greek citizenship holders (2011 census). [16] The festival showcases short films in three categories: International Shorts, Australian Documentary Shorts, and Australian Shorts. The Greek community is particularly large in Chile, where an estimated 120,000 people of Greek descent reside. This language was spoken by Alexander the Great, and it was also the language that the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in. HAP analyzes quantitative data from the U.S. Census, the American Community Survey, the Hellenic . The Australian Bureau of Statistics(ABS) has today revealed the top suburbs in each state/territory for Greek ancestry: QLD- Carindale (750) NSW- Earlwood (4,020) ACT- Kaleen (170) VIC- Reservoir (3,700) TAS- Sandy Bay (270) SA- Prospect (940) WA- Dianella (660) NT- Leanyer (310) Greek immigration to Australia began during the 19th century, increasing significantly in the 1950s and 1960s. What type of electrical charge does a proton have? During 1600 and 1700, Greek citizens started moving to the States, especially to the Boston area, sporadically and in small numbers. This was in part thanks to the Greco-Turkish War and the Greek genocide during and after World War I, in which hundreds of thousands of Greek people living in Asia Minor were killed. The winning design is that of Greek Australian architect Angelo Candalepas. The fact that there is another little Greece outside of the borders of the country, might sound a little excessive to some, but it is true indeed! How bad could the effect of CO2 on the Earth become? This article was researched and written by a GCT team member. The correct answer is Melbourne! 57 Greeks who were living in Melbourne decided to create the Greek Community of Melbourne in 1897. The Roman Empire was Christianized in the fourth century AD, and during the late Byzantine period the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a hallmark of Greek identity.[9]. Greek-born population in the U.S. since 2010 (ACS 1 Tear Estimates): Year Number 2010 135,639 2011 138,269 2012 134,956 2013 137,084 2014 136,906 2015 Available census figures indicate about three million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus, but the SAE estimates about seven million worldwide. Over the years, various events have been held in Melbourne to remember the state-sponsored destruction of Greek communities in various parts of the world as a result of the Greek genocide and Greek Operation of the NKVD. The Greek language question was feuded over from the 18th century all the way to 1976, and it raised issues of identity, culture and history. The term also refers to communities established by Greek migration outside of these traditional areas; such as in Australia, Chile, Canada and the United States. As such, 88% of Greek Australians (regardless of country of birth) speak Greek and 91% are members of the Greek Orthodox Church. Despite Greek Australians exhibiting the lowest rate of intermarriage in the country, the Greek Orthodox Church in Australia reports that the number of Greeks marrying non-Greek spouses is increasing in recent years. After 191923, most of these Pontic Greek and Caucasus Greek communities resettled in Greek Macedonia or joined other Greek communities in southern Russia and Ukraine. The biggest number of Greeks came to Boston during the decade of 1830-1840, after the Greek Revolution, and were pioneers in the textile industry, which became the main economic driver in New England. [17] Greeks in Asia Minor fled to modern Greece, and the Russian Empire (later the USSR) was also a major destination. The Greek diaspora is one of the oldest diasporas in the world, with an attested presence from Homeric times to the present. The Greek community of Melbourne is making efforts to send medical supplies to the Ukrainian Greeks and provide logistic support for their evacuation to Greece and integration into Greek society as refugees. 04 Melbourne, Australia has the largest Greek population outside of Greece. Last modified on Fri 3 Mar 2023 12.17 EST. Kinsgrove (VIC) 1,966 4. Soon afterwards, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate seized the Levant, Egypt, North Africa and Sicily from the Byzantine Greeks during the ByzantineArab Wars. During this period, Homers epics were written, the Roman Empire rose and fell, and the basis for all Western Civilization was constructed. Brazil has a sizable community of Antiochean Greeks (known as Melkites), Orthodox, Catholics, and Jews. The fact that Melbourne holds the first spot on the list of the cities with the largest Greek communities outside of Greece, should come as no surprise. What Happened to the Genius that was Jrn Utzon? Greek immigration to Australia has been one of the largest migratory flows in thehistory of Australia, especially afterWorld War IIandGreek Civil War. There isnt a huge amount of Linear B writing that has survived until today mainly clay tablets that record accounts of Mycenaean palaces but its the first record we have of Greek culture. Like Athens, Thessaloniki also has many ancient monuments; its Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the city also has monuments that date back to Roman and Ottoman Empires. And the abundance of celebrations across the country for the 200th anniversary of Greek independence from Ottoman rule is evident. About 50,000 Greeks immigrated to Brazil from Greece and Cyprus, with 20,000 in the city of Sao Paulo. Did you know Italian is spoken in more than 30 countries around the world? Bentleigh East (VIC). During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora established the fledgling state, raised funds and awareness abroad and served as senior officers in Russian armies which fought the Ottomans to help liberate Greeks under Ottoman subjugation in Macedonia, Epirus, and Thrace. Last edited on 24 February 2023, at 14:56, American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association, "2016 Census of Population and Housing: T08. [1] Globally, Hellenic identity and values are passed down from one generation to the next and do not depend upon one's location in the world. How many 5 letter words can you make from Cat in the Hat? The city is a key economic center in southeastern Europe and is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland.

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