In Europe, Australia, and North and South America, tapeworm infestations of humans have been greatly reduced as a consequence of routine meat inspection. - Alligators and crocodiles live in fresh water, have a thick skin, two pairs of legs, powerful jaws, and a long muscular tail that allows them to capture and eat other animals in or near the water. NO because as the um proportional increased the time elapsed did not proportionally increase. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. How did the burrowing of worms contribute to keeping the earth from entering a major ice age? in what ways are flatworms more complex than cnidarians. . Members of all classes except Turbellaria are parasitic during all or part of the life cycle. Because their motion is random and there are many molecules (high concentration) blocking their path, Unit 6 Part 1: Diffusion Across a Cell Membra, book take: who was Booker T. Washington? These features appear in some form in all larger, more complex animals: a coelom, a body cavity between the digestive tube and the external body wall that is lined with tissue. tiny bristles on each segment that assist with movement by providing a way to anchor their bodies in the soil so each segment can move the animal along. Some flatworm species occupy a very wide range of habitats. 3.16). Ability to wrap itself around prey. (A) Parasitic hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum) in human intestinal tract, Photo courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Are flatworms more like cnidarians or annelids? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Most worms have two bands of muscles: longitudinal muscles that run the length of the body and circular muscles that form circular bands around the body. Nervous system of a planarian flatworm, Like most self-propelling animals, independent-living flatworms have a central nervous system. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. Do your data support or reject your hypothesis? One Why are animals with bilateral symmetry more advanced than animals with radial symmetry? Use Advanced Search to search by activities, standards, and more. Most are free-living forms, but many are parasitic on other animals. If we test an animal cell under the same conditions we tested a plant cell, then the animal cell will shrink more because it doesn't have a central vacuole to take water from. (Non parasitic: Turbellaria) This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. - Ray-finned bony fishes have fan-shaped fins supported thin, bony rays. 3.47). Discuss how humans, as chordates, possess all 4 characteristics either as embryos or adults. Instead, their cells exchange gases by diffusion directly with the environment. If we replace canned potatoes with Campbells mushroom soup then the rate of reaction for Campbells will be similar to the canned potatoes. They have a flat body because they do not have a coelom or even a pseudocoelom. Hirudinea (leeches): dirty, freshwater, predatory, dorsal was darker due to dorsal blood vessel, setae for movement, closed circulatory, Quiz 6: Cotton Revolution to Manifest Destiny, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Pharyngeal pouches (the first pair of pouches) develop into auditory tubes. They mastered the art of digging and allows water to pump through the burrow. Parasites; no gut (absorb nutrient molecules across skin) There are six features and systems that reveal an evolving complexity in the body structure of most worms: The phylum Platyhelminthes consists of simple worm-like animals called flatworms (Fig. What complex body features were developed in annelids the their flatworm-like ancestors didn't have? Flatworms have no circulatory system. They give rise to new moving shapes. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Fig. What are the advantages of having a segmented body? In humans, hydatids of the liver, brain, or lung are often fatal. (A) Acoelom or lacking a fluid-filled body cavity (B) Coelom (C) Pseudocoelom. Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body plan. Two tissue layers arose by invagination. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. In the compressor the R-134a is compressed in an adiabatic process to 150lbf/in2150\ \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^2150lbf/in2. Parade of Life - 1993 . Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. Free-living non-parasitic flatworms are typically less than 10 centimeters long. 3.16). MS-LS1-8 Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories. Most flatworm species live in fresh and marine waters, although some live on land. We invite you to share your thoughts, ask for help or read what other educators have to say by. Control of certain flukes through the eradication of their mollusk hosts has been attempted but without much success. - They all have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, and protostome development. All free-living flatworms are predators that actively hunt for food. List two ways that annelid worms are more complex than roundworms and flatworms 1. closed circulatory system, 2. complex nervous system How many segments do earthworms have 100-175 How can earthworms improve gardens 1.break up(aerate)soil, 2. break down dead matter, 3. release casting(their wastes) that enrich the soil for structure and prevent bursting and shrinking. (D) Marine flatworm Pseudobiceros fulgor, Image courtesy of Christophe Cadet, Wikimedia Commons, Fig. 3.43. Discuss the special features cnidarians exhibit and how they allow the organism to be successful in its habitat. After the system equilibrates, do the individual molecules follow the same or different patterns of movement than when the system was not at equilibrium? cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms. potato enzyme rate of reaction increased while the overall rate of reacted for canned potatoes decreased. This extra layer is important because its cells specialize into a muscular system that enables an animal to move around. Why was it important to add the potato extract last? We will wait until this evening to do the grocery shopping. The flesh of crustaceans is rich in NPN compounds (amino acids, especially arginine, trimethylamine oxide), contains ca. Worms are typically long, thin creatures that get around efficiently without legs. Most nematodes are not hermaphrodites, with both sexes in one individual, but are known as dioecioushaving individuals of separate sexes. PLATYHELMINTHES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 2.1Basic body forms 2.2Skeletons 2.3Main cell layers 2.4Polymorphism 2.5Cnidocytes 2.6Locomotion 2.7Nervous system and senses 2.8Feeding and excretion 2.9Respiration 2.10Regeneration 3Reproduction Toggle Reproduction subsection 3.1Sexual 3.2Asexual 3.3DNA repair 4Classification 5Ecology 6Evolutionary history What substances lacking tube 1 and 2 account for the absence of a color change? Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are simple animals that are slightly more complex than a cnidarian. As molecules spread through water, they become less concentrated as they move away from their source. 3.38. 4Cr(s)+3O2(g)2Cr2O3(s)4 \mathrm{Cr}(s)+3 \mathrm{O}_2(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_3(s) Flatworms are generally hermaphroditicfunctional reproductive organs of both sexes occurring in one individual. They may be covered by a protective cuticle or by microscopic hairs, called cilia. The members of the phylum Platyhelminthes are all worms that are classified as flatworms. Trematoda: In the Baltic countries much of the population is infested with the broad tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum); in parts of the southern United States a small proportion of the population may be infested with the dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana). Explain why adult sea squirts are classified as chordates although they look like thick-walled, squat sacs. Their soft, flattened bodies are composed of three layersthe ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. being a hermaphrodite; having both male and female reproductive organs, Polychaeta: marine, colorful, predatory, parapodium Most are parasitic B. water exchange. Length, Latch to industrial wall. 3.1 How Cells Are Studied. Molecules tend to shift from regions where they are in higher concentration to regions where they are lower in concentration because: there are more molecules in the higher concentration regions so more molecules will be moving away from the higher concentration regions. Developing a gut that runs from one end of the body to the other was a major evolutionary step. Omissions? . They are bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the right and left sides are similar) and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems; no body cavity (coelom) is present. -regrow appendages - They all have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, and protostome development. The cells of the ectoderm and endoderm are also more organized than similar cells of cnidarians. Sensory cells that detect water currents, solid objects, and chemicals are in two flap-like projections on the head called auricles. 3.39. Fig. They anchored themselves. Figure 3.35 compares bilateral symmetry in a whale shark and a swimming plychaete worm. Lose its ability to keep a firm structure losing water, not going to stay green, need to fill central vacuole to maintain turgor pressure, Conduct any calculations necessary to analyze your data in a meaningful way that will permit you to determine if it supports or does not support your hypothesis. (A) Ice cream cone worm, Pectinaria koreni with and without tube (Family Pectinariidae), Fig. Such a system lets animals grow much larger than possible in the flatworms, which must rely on diffusion. Undigested food passes back out through the mouth, as in the cnidarians. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. Fig. The body of an annelid is divided into repeating sections called segments with many internal organs repeated in each segment. MS-LS1-5 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms. In a heat pump that uses R-134a as the working fluid, the R-134a enters the compressor at 30lbf/in2,20F30\ \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^2, 20 \mathrm{~F}30lbf/in2,20F at a rate of 0.1lbm/s0.1\ \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{s}0.1lbm/s. Dd you encounter any errors? They also have a few morphological advancements over cnidarians. Thus, nematodes are sometimes referred to as pseudocoelomates (Fig. From Annelida and then the Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata, all have closed circulatory system. All the planarians are hermaphrodites, so they possess both testicles and ovaries in the same individual. Worms have a definite anterior (head) end and a posterior (tail) end. They can detect the kinds of environment they encounter by moving in the anterior direction. By contrast, the free-living or mobile polychaete worms have a proboscis that can extend from their mouths to catch prey. b. celebration The polychaete worms or bristleworms (class Polychaeta) are the largest group in the phylum Annelida. Explain why echinoderms and chordates are now considered to be closely related. In what ways are Platyhelminthes more complex than porifera and cnidaria? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Medusae are bell-shaped with tentacles around the opening of the bell and mouth directed downward. Marine species live buried in the sand or under rocks in shallow water. And their one-way gut, running from one end of the body to the . chap, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Fascia, lymphatics and spread of dental infec. Summarize how a sponge obtains nutrients. Diffusion causes molecules to go from a high concentration to a low concentration. In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that correctly defines the italicized word or expression. 3.16). do not produce numerous segments or proglottids They take their name from their round body cross-sectional shape. Cnidarians are less complex than annelids or mollusks because the latter have gills with many layers of tissue. Check out a sample Q&A here See Solution star_border Students who've seen this question also like: Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List) Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, And Protostomes. ) Posted on: February 21, 2023 Join our team! - Humans are chordates that have the 4 chordate characteristics during the embryonic period of their life cycle. What are the advantages of stereo senses? Fig. The Monogenea range in length from 0.5 to 30 millimetres (0.02 to 1.2 inches). Like flatworms, roundworm species adopt either a free-living or a parasitic lifestyle. 3.36). They are long (as much as 5 meters) that live inside the digestive tract of other animals. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. 3.50). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (B) This animated image (click the image to see the animation) shows the typical crawling locomotion of nematodes. Nerves also extend from the brain around the digestive tube and along the ventral surface. Flatworms, bag-shaped but flattened, also get oxygen and nutrients to their body cells easily because all their cells are close to either their outer surface or their digestive cavity (Fig. How can paleontologists find fossils of flatworms if flatworms don't have bones? What complex body features were developed in annelids that their flatworm-like ancestors didn't have? - Interior of sponges has canals lined with flagellated cells called choanocytes. Monogenea are common pests on fish in hatcheries and home aquariums. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Some live symbiotically with crabs, clams, oysters, shrimp, and barnacles. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They have no body cavity or and no specialized respiratory or circulatory organs. Tubeworms are sessile polychaetes that live in tubes that they build by secreting the tube material. 3.43. Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans In flatworms, digested materials are taken into the cells of the gut lining by phagocytosis, rather than being processed internally. With about 25,000 known species, flatworms are the largest phylum of acoelomates. Due to the structural and functional differences, cilia can be roughly classified as motile and non-motile (primary). Fig. [34], [12]\begin{bmatrix}1\\-2 \end{bmatrix} Expert Solution Want to see the full answer? Many species are ingested as cysts, called metacercariae, in uncooked foode.g., the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani found in crayfish and crabs, the intestinal flukes Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai and the liver fluke Opisthorchis sinensis in fish, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski on plants. stinging predators that try to eat the larva. Consider the version of the dining-philosophers problem in which the chopsticks are placed at the center of the table and any two of them can be used by a philosopher. Explain why or why not, and if not considering how long it took peptides to diffuse 15um, did it take more time or less time than expected for peptides to diffuse 30 and 60 um? The largest of this class are the planarians, which may reach 0.5 metre (about 20 inches) in length. 3.36. (C) Sand mason worms (Lanice conchilega) build straight tubes using sand grains and shell fragments. Exploring Our Fluid Earth, a product of the Curriculum Research & Development Group (CRDG), College of Education. Q. Quincy and Leon are comparing sponges and cnidarians. What is happening in Scotland to earthworms? Cestoda: Ex: Tapeworms Although some platyhelminths (flatworms) are free-living and nondestructive, many other species (particularly the flukes and tapeworms) parasitize humans, domestic animals, or both. University of Hawaii, . Which of the pathways illustrated here (ascending and descending) do not decussate? The water vascular system operates the tube feet of sea stars and other echinoderms by means of ____. Among domestic animals, the sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) may cause debilitating and fatal epidemics (liver rot) in sheep. The excretory system removes waste products and excess water from tissues of flatworms. Compute w u and illustrate the result graphically. What was the substrate for the reaction that occurred in cuvette 3? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. Nerves link the brain to sensory organs in the head that detect the environment in front of the worm. Africa and western Asia (e.g., Iran, Iraq) are endemic centres for S. haematobium; S. mansoni also is found in these areas, as well as in the West Indies and South America. From Fish to Birds . They are triploblastic (have 3 embryonic tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and therefore have organ-level of organization. Our town will hold a jubilee this summer to mark its sesquicentennial, or 150150150-year anniversary. What trends did you observe with the different conditions? League City Animal Care is here to serve our community and provide a safe and nurturing environment for each animal that comes through our doors. This helps give worms that wiggly, squishy reputation. Animals lack cell walls and move more rapidly and in more complex ways than other organisms. Anterior mouth - Both echinoderms and chordates follow a deuterostome pattern of development and molecular data indicates they are closely related. 3.37 B). They also lack a respiratory system. 3.41. Explain the functions of the water vascular system in sea stars. They occur mostly in marine and brackish water habitats. Segmented worms (phylum Annelida) are the most complex animals with worm-like body plans. Phylum . - Placental (eutherians): development occurs internally and the fetus is nourished by placenta, Identify primate traits that are adaptive for living in trees, Mobile limbs, grasping hands, flattened face and stereoscopic vision, large complex brain, reduced reproductive rate, Compare the characteristics of australopith with those of an ardipithecine, Ardipithecines lived primarily in trees, whereas the australopiths lived both in and out of trees. Flatworms belong to the Phylum Platyhelminthes (Latin for "Flatworms," although it sounds much more official), whose characteristics shape - flat - is an evolutionary answer to a problem of multicellular life: as an animal gets bigger, the inside cells get farther and farther away from the outside, so that oxygen gets depleted before it reaches them and wastes build up on the way out. Recall that the coelom is a fluid-filled cavity lying between the digestive tube and the outer body tube and surrounded by mesodermal tissue. Free-living Species In addition to a more specialized complete digestive system, annelid worms have also evolved body features not found in flatworms or nematodes. The temnocephalids, which are parasitic on freshwater crustaceans, occur primarily in Central and South America, Madagascar, New Zealand, Australia, and islands of the South Pacific. Partly digested food is taken into the pyloric stomach inside the sea star where digestion continues. Describe the medusa and polyp body forms of a cnidarian. Their chemosensory abilities are very helpful, as they rely on pheromones to locate potential mates. Except for the temnocephalids, flatworms are cosmopolitan in distribution. Three classes and descriptions of Platyhelminthes. Its mouth and pharynx are in the center of its underside. Exploring Our Fluid Earth, a product of the Curriculum Research & Development Group (CRDG), College of Education. Fig. List two differences between deuterostomes and protostomes. The name Nematoda is derived from the Greek word "nemos," which means "thread." Nematodes are present in all habitats and are extremely common, although they are usually not visible (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. The animal kingdom is divided into animals without symmetry and tissues, and animals with symmetry and tissues. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. A ganglion or cluster of nerve cells operates the organs in each segment. Do your observed data support the prediction that diffusion time and distance are directly proportional? Ex: Flukes Cross-sectional diagram of a polychaete annelid worm showing the tube-within-a-tube construction of a true coleom body cavity, Fig. What differences do you see between the segmented body plan of an earthworm and a crayfish? 3.39). Fig. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, Worms: Phyla Platyhelmintes, Nematoda, and Annelida, Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity, Energy Acquisition, Growth, Development, and Reproduction, a mesoderm, an intermediate body layer between the inner (endoderm) and outer (ectoderm) tissue layers that forms muscle tissue, a central nervous system guided by a brain, an excretory system to eliminate some kinds of waste products, a complete digestive system, from an anterior mouth to a posterior anus, a coelom, a body cavity between the digestive tube and the external body wall that is lined with tissue, a circulatory system consisting of a series of tubes (vessels) filled with fluid (blood) to transport dissolved nutrients, oxygen, and waste products around the body rapidly and efficiently. Photo courtesy of Bob Goldstein, Wikimedia Commons, Fig. What are the advantages of stereo senses? What is the purpose of having tubes 1 and 2? The stomach is located in the central disc and has two parts. What is it about the flatworm body plan that makes it a good hunter? We will focus our discussion of the acoelomates on the largest phylum of the group, the flatworms. These flatworms feed through a pharynx. List the characteristics that unite the flatworms, molluscs, and annelids. Most of the violent programming comes on late at night. 3.49). How are flatworms more complex than cnidarians Specialized Organs How many body openings to the digestive system do flatworms have? Name two ways in which the roundworms are anatomically similar to the arthropods. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. (C) A paddleworm (Phyllodoce rosea) is an example of a motile or errant polychaete because its adult form uses muscles to move from location to location. - Marsupials: young born immature and finish development in pouch Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). live embedded in hard coral skeletons and are examples of sessile or sedentary polychaetes. 3.17. 3.46. This is because it only has one opening for its digestive system which is also used for its mouth but not anus making their digestive tract incomplete. A cuticle is a waxy covering secreted by the epidermis, or outermost cellular tissue. 3.37 B). It's head and brain. JOIN OUR TEAM OF LIFESAVERS. Segments, complete digestive system, paramecium, different set of muscles. boiling denatures the reaction so it stops reacting and could slowly ripen. n=1(1)n+1n22(n22+1)=12(1sinh156).\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n^2 \pi^2\left(n^2 \pi^2+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\sinh 1}-\frac{5}{6}\right) . Annelids have a closed circulatory system in which blood is pumped along by muscles in blood vessels (Fig. More water left the cell, more osmosis was performed. The cells of the ectoderm and endoderm are also more organized than similar cells of cnidarians. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Platyhelminthes, platyhelminth, Emeritus Professor of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London. Connected to the tubes are tiny cells that move wastes and water from the tissues into the tubes. (B) A swimming polychaete worm (Tomopteris sp. With their active lifestyle and good defenses, free-moving polychaetes can make their living in a variety of habitats such as mud, sand, sponges, live corals, and algae. 3.36. male and female gametes. Did these affect your results? D. Many parents do not watch television with their children. Flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening, no coelom, and no circulatory system. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. The setae along the body of polychaetes stick in the substrate, holding parts of the worm in place while other parts move forward. What are your results? [34]\begin{bmatrix}3\\4 \end{bmatrix} The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 3.40 B). Some trap prey; others contain paralyzing toxins. (A) Free-living marine flatworm Maritigrella fuscopunctata, Image courtesy of Alexander Vasenin, Wikimedia Commons, Fig. 3.40. Therefore, cephalization in annelids is greater than in nematodes or in flatworms. Can you explain why blanching might preserve flavor? (B) Medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), Image courtesy of Karl Ragnar Gjertsen, Wikimedia Commons. In free-living flatworms, sensory cells that respond to light are clustered in two eyespots in the head. 3.35. Two pairs of limbs; smooth, nonscaly skin that stays moist,; lungs; a three-chambered heart with a double-loop circulatory pathway; sense organs adapted for a land environment; ectothermic; and have aquatic reproduction. Flexibility, contractions for propulsion. Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body plan. See Figure 28.14 on slide 38 for the life cycle of Taenia, a tapeworm. 3.46). . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 3.45. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. -mouth on the bottom allows for a more efficient way of capturing prey and feeding. tentacles to obtain food Like the cnidarians, flatworms have a digestive system with only a single opening into the digestive cavity, but in independently living marine flatworms the cavity branches into all parts of the body (Fig. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The brain size of the australopiths was larger, and this group was better adapted for bipedalism, Discuss how the evolution of bipedalism and increased brain size probably contributed to H. ergaster's migration from Africa, Bipedalism allowed for organisms to move young more easily; increased brain size allowed for higher intellect and thus adaptation to nonforest environments, Explain how the replacement model explains both the dominance of Cro-Magnon and the formation of human ethnic groups, Humans evolved from one group in Africa, and then migrated to other locations. Because of this covering, gas exchange cannot occur directly across the skin as in flatworms. 3.37. What do you think would happen to an animal cell (like a red blood cell) when placed in distilled water? C. water pumps. 3.40 C). flatworms have brains and can choose when to eat, can also easily move around, sexual reproduction. Blood flows through the microscopic capillaries, picking up food molecules from the digestive tract and oxygen from the skin and transporting them to the cells of the body. 3.36 A) while others are drab and blend into the environment (Fig. It supports our hypothesis according to our test results. Explain how 4 legs would be useful in terrestrial environments. They use smell (Jacobson's organ) and vibrations to detect prey. The digestive tube lies inside the outer body tube. The increase of salt solution made more water exit the cell causing it to shrink. Cnidarians include jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra, coral, sea fans, sea whips, and sea pens. Fig. It should be noted that some authorities consider Monogenea, which contains the order Aspidogastrea, to be a subclass within the class Trematoda.

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