Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. P257 was first reported in 2008. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. [41] These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA et al. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. Its age is between 7,700 and . This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. Article New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Google Scholar. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Summary. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in Iran. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. (a) Principal component analysis by population. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. Peter A Underhill. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al.

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